xplorer² Exponential growth to file management productivity

Advanced file management

Advanced copy/paste

A common operation is creating a duplicate of a file in the same folder. This can be done with two keystrokes, <CTRL+C> followed by <CTRL+V> will paste a "Copy of" item. xplorer² offers Edit > Duplicate menu command as an alternative.

Instead of pasting the whole file, you can create a windows shortcut (LNK) file using Paste link menu (or while dropping). These are small files that point to the real file (think of all the shortcut program icons on your desktop). When you double click on a shortcut, the target file is opened.

Other special kinds of targets can be created using Edit > Paste special submenu as below: If you copy a folder item, then Folder structure command enables you to paste only the local hierarchy of subfolders to a different location.   When you copy items from scrap containers and they happen to reside in different folders, the oddly named Structured scrap clips command will paste preserving the relative folder structure of the source items - creating subfolders as necessary. In contrast, a plain Paste would place all items in the same folder.   If you want to paste a copied selection on multiple folders use Multi paste command, after selecting the folders you want to "drop" into. Then each target folder will receive a separate copy of the source files. This feature is more effective in scrap containers where the target folders can be arbitrarily located.   The remaining 3 paste special menu commands create various advanced NTFS links, and are discussed below.

NTFS links

• Hard links create "shadow copies" of files on a single disk partition. You can spread the same file in multiple folders, in a space efficient manner (links take next to no space to store). When you change one instance all the other instances are automatically updated. The stock column Links will tell you how many hard links exist for a file.
  Unfortunately some programs are known to destroy hard links when saving file updates. Double check your editor before you start using hard links.
  If you never edit your linked files there's no such risk.
  
   
• Folder junctions can reorganize the structure of your filesystem. For example if MS Outlook wants to save its data in C:\appdata\outlook and you run out of space on C: drive, you can put the real folder on E:\outlook and replace the original folder with a junction of the same name (which points to E:\outlook). Then both MS Outlook and your hard disk will be happy! Or you can turn folders that are far away from each other into siblings by pasting junctions in a common folder. Junctions can have any name you like although when first created they are called Junction to XXX.
   
• Symbolic links are the equivalent of UNIX soft links and are quite flexible redirecting to both files and folders. They behave somewhat like hard links, if you double click on a symlink you actually edit the original file; however if the target is moved or renamed the link will be broken. This feature is for windows vista and later only; you must be running elevated to full administrator privileges to create a symbolic link — xplorer² will offer to launch itself as administrator to help you with this obstacle. Symbolic links are the only junctions that can point to remote network folders as well as local content.

So which kind of link is best? There is no clear cut winner. See the table below for advantages and disadvantages of each type:

Table 2. Comparison of links and junction points

Hard link   Junction   Symbolic File targets — Folder targets — Network targets — — May jump partitions — Elevation required for creation — — Robust against target move/rename   — —

As you can see for most uses a symbolic link is the best option (if you don't mind the elevation to create one), except for when you rename the linked file. The humble LNK shortcut can survive if you rename or move its target, because of the link tracking windows service!

Robust file transfer

When it comes to transferring large amount of files and folders, the windows copy dialog comes rather short. xplorer² in exchange for the fancy animations, offers a robust alternative when copying from and to regular filesystem folders. The main features are:

• Easy selection of destination folder
• Copy all files or those that match a filter
• Parallel or queued transfers
• Overwrite control for backup copies
• Many copy options (e.g. silent mode)

Figure 22. Copy to destination dialog

The dialog has 3 main areas: where you want the files copied, whether to apply a filter and various options.

• Destination. If you have dual panes, Opposite pane option is selected, which will send the files to the inactive pane. If you have any folder tabs in the active pane, you can pick a Tab as destination (choose from the drop-down list). Finally you can type or browse a folder's path in Here edit box, if you prefer to pick a completely different folder. These 3 destination types are mutually exclusive, hence they are selected by radio buttons.
   
• Copy filter. When you copy whole subfolders, you can choose to transfer only files that match a filter. The Filter input box understands both simple wildcards as *.mp3 (only MP3 files copied) or precise hyper-filters. The drop-down portion lists filters you've saved earlier, or click Define button to design a property based filter on the fly. Make sure the filter checkbox is ticked to use the filtering function (this needs to be ticked every time you reopen the dialog). If the checkbox is clear, all files will be copied
  Filtering is applied to files, whether to copy them or not.
  All folders and subfolders are entered recursively regardless of filtering.
• Transfer options. There are many options for overwrite control, various confirmations and error reporting, and task queuing. These will be explained shortly. You can quickly select default or frequently used (saved) options from the drop-down list, or click Options button to select custom ones.

Most of the time you don't need to tweak any copy options. You just press <F5> key to show the dialog and immediately press <ENTER> to start the robust copy using whatever options you used last time. In fact to copy to the inactive pane with the last used options press <CTRL+F5> key combination, and it will be done without showing the dialog!

Further reading
◪ Copy specific files with filters demo video

Copy progress

Figure 23. Copy progress dialog

The progress dialog is horizontally-resizable. You can see information about the file being copied (From and To fields), a progressbar indicating how much work is done, a rough Estimated time left, and some statistics associated with the transfer; there's even a graph of the transfer speed over time, to keep you mildly amused :) — you don't really need any of this information. You can casually inspect the progress also on the (windows) taskbar icon:

A pause button exists to temporarily halt the file copy (for whatever reason); then click on resume button to continue, or cancel to abort the copy altogether. If you abort, the files transferred up to that point are not deleted. Whatever's done, is done. If you want to restart a failed or abandoned copy, use "Overwrite if newer else skip" option (see below) so that you don't waste time with files that were successfully copied in the first attempt.

If the source and destination folders contain items with same names, they will be overwritten. The old version will be replaced with the new file being copied. As this is a radical and irreversible step, by default xplorer² requests your approval with this messagebox:

Figure 24. Confirm item replace dialog

To help you decide which file to keep, xplorer² shows brief information (size and date attributes [1]) about the existing item in the destination folder, and the new one that is about to overwrite the old version. You should focus on the last line that highlights the differences of the new item  older,smaller  and then decide: to overwrite the old file click Yes button, or No to keep the old (existing) file. The action buttons [2] include yes/no to all buttons, that reply yes or no to any subsequent overwrite confirmation automatically. You see the pattern in the first few confirmations and you decide whether the remaining can be dismissed in the same fashion. If you click cancel at this point you abort the entire file copy.

Another option is to keep both files, saving the new one with a different name you specify in input box [3]. Doing this file by file manually can get tiresome, but you can tick the option "Rename target" which will create such unique name copies automatically (it adds _1 to the base name). However keeping all these extra files isn't sustainable in the long term, sooner or later you must decide if they are all worth keeping or are just duplicates.

When it comes to replacing folders, i.e. when the destination contains a folder with the same name as the source, by default the target isn't overwritten — just extra files are added in it. If you want to use the same overwrite semantics for both files and folders, tick "Replace the entire folder" option; then if a folder collision is detected, the entire old folder (cum subfolders) is first deleted, then replaced with the new contents. This is liable to destroy a lot of old content, so please be careful.

For most people, the smarter overwrite option is "Overwrite if newer else skip" (available as backup from the drop-down list, see figure 22). It is an automatic way to resolve conflicts; it compares file modification dates and keeps the most recent file (assuming it contains later changes you made). If the source file is older or identical (in terms of date modified) to the existing, it is skipped. This mode is perfect for backups, where you keep an up-to-date copy of your working documents in a safe external location (e.g. USB disk). If you do this daily, you don't need to copy your entire documents folder, only new and changed items. Thus you save time and effort — no time wasted confirming file replace operations.

Error handling

There are a number of situations where a file copy fails, as for example if the target file is open in an application. xplorer² will pop a message describing the issue, and depending on the situation will offer alternative courses of action, e.g. Abort-Retry-Ignore questions, where you click the button with your choice action. Usually the only feasible options you have are to ignore the problem if it looks like a 1-off, or abort the copy operation if more files are expected to fail in the same manner — say if you ran out of space in the destination drive. A soft error you may encounter copying to FAT32 devices is about "Secondary streams" that couldn't be copied. ADS are used for storing comments or to mark downloaded files as risque. If you are certain you don't need this warning message (if you are not using file comments) tick the advanced option "Disable stream loss warning..." — one less thing to worry about.

The progress dialog has a log that records each file operation individually. You can browse this using error log button (see figure 23) — a misnomer really because it shows more than errors. You can search the log pressing <CTRL+F> keys, or if you just need the error lines, right click in the log window and pick Show errors menu command. For subtle problems search for the special @@@ marker. When you copy in backup mode, only files that were copied are logged (newer and modified) — there are usually fewer of them in large backups. To make sure you get a chance to see the log after the end of the transfers, tick the option "Keep progress window open..."

Further reading
◪ Bypass UAC restrictions to copy into system folders

Unattended file transfers

During silent operation, any events encountered that would normally require user intervention are dismissed automatically. More specifically:

• all errors are ignored, and any problematic files are skipped (you can read about these in the log)
• all special confirmations (e.g. for replacing system files) are allowed — "yes to all" answer implied
• all files are replaced automatically, just as if you answered "yes to all" for overwriting

Transfer options

The robust transfer configuration dialog has a button for Options. Many important options have been discussed already; here's a brief explanation of all copy options: Silent operation. Prevents any messages or interaction until the copy is finished, then shows any errors in the end. If ticked, the following 2 checkbox groups are disabled.   Existing objects overwrite. Pick one of the 3 available alternatives: ask for confirmations for each file, automatically overwrite new and modified files (backup mode), or keep both files (the new one is renamed)   Always confirm readonly & system. Special attribute files are always confirmed even in backup mode   Replace the entire folder. Folders behave like files on collision; the old contents are erased completely before overwriting   Error reporting. Either you see errors immediately as they occur and decide how to proceed, or they are ignored silently skipping any problematic files   Calculate total file size. If you want accurate remaining time estimates tick this option — it may delay the start of the operation   Keep progress window open. Gives you a chance to examine the error log at the end of the transfer   Preserve all dates. By default, when a file is copied, its modification date remains the same but the creation date may be newer (!) Tick this option to ensure that the copied files have the same modified and created timestamps, even when new files are created at destination   Copy options. Some legacy attribute manipulation (for copy, not move operations) that are probably irrelevant nowadays, like clearing the read-only attribute (if copying from CDROM) and clearing archive status (backups no longer rely on A attribute)   Copy only existing files. With this option files that exist in the source folder but not in the destination folder, are skipped.   Task priority. Better set this to background so you can use your computer during the file transfer. Set to normal only if you want maximum speed, but your PC may become sluggish.

Set of options can be saved and reused. First tick all the options you need, then give them a descriptive name in Predefined box, and click Save button. Then you can quickly select saved option sets straight from the main transfer dialog (from the options drop-down list). To modify a previously saved option set, change the tickboxes and click Save again (using the same descriptive name) to overwrite the old definition.

To queue or not to queue?

If xplorer² is in in the middle of a large copy, any extra jobs will be added to the queue. You don't have to wait, just use Edit > Copy to command normally, and once one job is finished the next one will begin, until the queue is empty.

Figure 25. Copy queue management

You don't normally worry about queued copies, but if you want to see what is waiting use Edit > Queue status menu command, which will show you queued jobs in a dialog similar to bookmark organization. You cannot change properties of any waiting jobs, but you can delete or move them up/down the order using the dialog toolbar buttons. Double click to see details on the source/target folders and any special options used.

Another recommended option is to set the task priority to background, which won't overwhelm your PC resources, thus you can continue working during big copy tasks.

If you opt for silent operation, then no errors will be shown till all queued jobs are finished. In the very end, and only if there were any problems, you will be notified about it.

Partial support for special folders

When xplorer² is copying from or to special folders you will see the regular windows explorer progress and overwrite confirmations windows, that look different — compare with the snapshots in this section.

Advanced copy tweaks

• New item highlighting. When you are copying and the target folder is visible (e.g. the inactive pane), and there's no prior selection in the target folder, then each new file added is shown highlighted (selected and focused). This lets you see which items were just copied — they should be all selected in the end. If large files are copied slowly, the sensor may not pick up all of them; increasing the "New item sensor timeout" will help in this situations.
   
• Large overnight copies. Setting Silent option isn't enough for unattended file transfers. You have to make sure your PC won't go to sleep or hibernate before the copy is over. xplorer² is doing this by default — will go to sleep eventually when the copy is over, but if you nevertheless do want to interrupt the progress tick "Allow system to sleep..." option.
   

  Copy watchdog. When you copy to or from slow network locations, xplorer² is monitoring the transfer speed. If nothing happens for 20 seconds or so it will alert you to the problem with the message This file is too slow to copy.... You can either skip the slow file or persevere with the slow copy (in silent mode the file is skipped automatically). If you get too many of these interruptions, and your network is known to be slow to respond, you can increase the "Network folder ping" timeout to match your network (e.g. set it to 30000 milliseconds if half minute gaps are normal). Alternatively you can disable the watchdog altogether ticking "Don't check for slow copy..." advanced option.

Robust deletion

Whenever you start a delete operation that cannot go in the recycle bin (e.g. you press <Shift+Del> or delete in an external flash drive) the robust delete dialog kicks in:

Figure 26. Robust delete options

The first row of the dialog shows how many items are going to be deleted (beware of selected items hidden out of view you didn't mean to delete), and the full paths of the first few of them.

Deleting is much simpler than copying, but the robust delete dialog offers some similar options, as confirmation controls (checkboxes) that are self-explanatory. There is also a "Silent operation" option when you do unattended deletions and don't want to be delayed with confirmations or error reports. Errors are ignored but then probably the deletion will be partial.

When deleting folders, all their contents are removed recursively down to the deepest subfolder. This includes any hidden or system files that may reside within. If you don't have permission to delete them, an error will result.

You can even specify a filter (either a simple wildcard or a complex hyperfilter) so that only files that match it will be deleted. This makes sense when you are deleting into subfolders and you only want to remove a certain kind of file. Click on Delete button to start the deletion. You get to see a progress report dialog like the one to the right. It is possible to pause and resume deletions, but they are usually too quick and you won't have time to do it! The dialog has a tab control you can switch among displaying progress or the Log. The latter text information is searchable, right click to see the search menu (like the one in robust copy log) The little Actions menu has commands to change the log's font and clear it. There's also a delete queue but usually it is empty unless you do a lot of successive deletions. Robust deletion is permanent, deleted files won't go in the recycle bin hence you cannot undelete them easily. Use this command with care — that's why there's no option to skip the robust delete confirmation, it's your safety blanket.

Mass renaming

• Add an auto-increasing counter to a list of filenames name1, name2, ...
• Insert file properties in filenames, e.g. rename MP3 files according to their artist and song title information
• Search and replace parts of the filename
• Delete parts of the filename
• Change case e.g. CAPITALS or small letters

Figure 27. Mass rename dialog

The most important setting is the Mode. Using this drop-down list [1] you set various modes that determine what kind of renaming is performed: Replace whole name. You compose a new file name using Target name template box [2]. You add variability to the name template using various special tokens from [3]   Match and replace part. This is a simple search and replace operation in filenames, use What to match to set the string to be searched for, and what to replace it with in [2]. Usually you search for something fixed but the replacement template may have variability with $-tokens if necessary.   Search and multi-replace. Simple match and replace will only do the first match of the string you search for (if any exists). In multi-replace mode all occurrences are replaced. For example if you search and replace OLD with NEW, the filename oldAndold.txt will end up newAndold.txt in single match mode and newAndnew.txt in multi-replace mode. Note that search is not case sensitive, OLD will also match "old"   Change case. There are various methods to choose. Here you don't supply any template (both search and replace fields [2] are disabled). Each existing filename is CAPITALISED or turned to lowercase; camel case is a curiosity that turns spaces and word breaks into capitals (e.g. "hello world-son.txt" becomes helloWorldSon.txt). Finally remove accents leaves only plain letters in filenames so the German über.jpg will become uber.jpg, slovak žena.png will turn to simply zena.png and the like for all diacritics.

The list [4] shows you a preview of the transformation that is going to happen if you go ahead with the rename. The column old name lists a sample of the currently selected filenames in the active pane, and new name shows how each name is going to change. xplorer² automatically generates a preview from time to time, or you can click on Preview button to see the pending name changes. If your names are long you can resize the dialog window horizontally or/and vertically.

Variable rename templates

If you remember the name of the variable token, you can type it straight in Target name box [2] or use Special tokens [3] list to help you find the token you are after. You can use multiple $-tokens in a template. The tokens useful for renaming are a subset of the available $-tokens used for command scripts. Here are some examples:

• Automatic counter. $1 will create an incrementing series of numbers starting with 1,2,... You can start with a different number and add leading zeros e.g. $003 will generate the series 003, 004,... Note the files are assigned numbers in the order they are shown in the active file list (the folder you are working in) — make sure you use the appropriate sort mode or even manual positioning, before starting to rename.
   
• Append to name. You can prepend and append to the existing filename using $B (base name) token in combination with the text you want to add, e.g. FILE_$B will add the prefix FILE_ to each filename.
   
• Change extension. A template like $B.DAT will change the extension (type) of the selected files to DAT while keeping the base name. Preserve extension tickbox should be cleared to change the entire name including extension — although it is generally unadvisable unless you know what you are doing!
   
• File attribute. Lets you insert any file property using the column name in curly braces, e.g. the template ${#} ${Album} - ${Title} will create MP3 filenames as 2 Mustang - Fly little bird using their ID3 tag information (track number, album and song title). Make sure all selected files have the properties you use in such templates, otherwise the ${token} will be replaced with nothing and you may get the wrong filenames.
   
• Character range. This token can represent part of the filename by the starting letter offset and a range number. The format is $[first:length], so $[3:2] acting on the name trial.txt will extract 2 characters starting from position 3 (that is "ia"). You can use this in a variety of ways in search and replace mode, e.g. leave the replace (target name) field empty to remove that part of the name. Passing 0 for length is equivalent to an insertion operator, e.g. searching for $[3:0] and replacing with "add" will insert the string "add" before position 3.
   
• Dollar. What if you want to insert a plain dollar $ symbol in a filename? Use two dollars $$ in a row to escape the special nature of any $-token.

Rename with regular expressions

Tick the RE box (to the left of What to match field) to enable changing filenames with complex regular expressions. This is an advanced renaming mode that can help with certain kinds of rearranging parts of the filename using backreferences. This box is only available when Mode [1] is set to search and replace, and disabled in all other modes.

Here is an example. Let's say we have a filename LOG.17112006.TXT that contains a date in DD-MM-YYYY format, and we want to convert it into a more standard YMD (year first) format. We use a regular expression to match the 8 digits separated in 3 groups (day, month and year), then use backreferences to rearrange the 3 groups.

To match the original date format, we use (\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d\d\d) in the What to match dialog box. There are 3 groups defined in brackets that match the date in the filename:
(\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d\d\d)
LOG.17112006.TXT

To invert the location of the 3 groups and add separating dashes between the year, month and day, we use $3-$2-$1 in the Target name template (replace) box. $3 is a special backreference that stands for the 3rd group (year), so the resulting filename will be
LOG.2006-11-17.TXT

Note that parts of the original filename that were not matched by the regular expression remain unchanged. You can use any kind of search and replace trickery for other tasks too, e.g. to eliminate parts of the filename (leave the replace string empty). Sadly you cannot combine $-tokens within regular expressions.

Bulk rename workflow

Once you setup the rename parameters and previewed the results, click rename button to start renaming. Selected files are renamed in the order they are listed in the active pane. A progress bar on the statusbar shows you how much work is left to be done. If everything goes according to plan, you will see the new names at the end of the operation. If there are any problems, you will be informed and asked what to do; if the error is important just abort the rest of the files.

The mass rename dialog has many options. You can save your favorite rename operations, including all options, search and replace strings and so on with a name, and repeat them again later. Use the Predefined drop-down box (item [5] in figure 27) to supply a name for the current options, then click Save button to store them. In subsequent runs, use the drop-down portion to access your predefined settings and repeat rename operations easily.

Note the File attribute drop-down box is permanently disabled in mass rename mode. This field is used for changing other text attributes (comments etc) in bulk

Rename in stages

Depending on your sort order, the selected files may be rearranged after each rename step, e.g. if you sort by name. If you want to preserve the original order as well (e.g. if you plan to add numbers to them), tick off "automatically resort contents..." option from Window property page.

This procedure could be automated using macros, especially if each rename step is saved and available from Predefined drop-down list

xplorer² makes extra effort to keep the original set of files selected and in order, which unfortunately leads to slower renames. If you are not using multiple rename steps you can set a small number to "Stepwise rename limit" advanced tweak

Changing timestamps and attributes

For files, date modified tells the last time you edited the file, made some changes in its content; whereas creation date is record of when the file was originally created. File dates and times are accurate to the millisecond although you can choose to see less detail.

File attributes are status flags and are mostly interesting for anorak types :) — see the expert section below. The shell property sheet allows changing some filesystem attributes like Archive or Read-only, but not all of them. xplorer² offers access to all attributes as well as to timestamps of files. Using Actions > Change attributes menu command on a selection of items you get this dialog which allows you to change 4 basic attributes and touch dates/times.

Figure 28. Changing file dates and attributes

When the dialog first appears, it shows the current dates and attribute flags of the selected item. If more than one items are selected, then it shows dates of the first one and common attributes are ticked. If only some files have an attribute (and some don't) then the relevant box shows in indetermined state instead of ticked. Only things that you actually change are affected; so if you don't check any date boxes, these won't be updated. In this way you can change only attributes or just dates, or both at the same time.

To change a date, first tick its checkbox to enable the date and time change controls (observe how the modified row is enabled but date created is disabled in the above dialog snapshot). You can then set a specific date and time, or click on Now button to reset the date to current time (this is called touching a date).

When you are all set click ok button to go ahead with the changes, or cancel to abort the operation. If multiple items are selected, they will all be changed in the same fashion — they will be identical in terms of whatever changes you made. Otherwise each item keeps its original dates or/and attributes. The active folder pane will autorefresh to show you the new attributes you just set for the selection.

File attribute flags

• Read-only. Once upon a time you could protect a file against changes and deletions setting it to read-only, but nowadays only a few programs respect it
   
• Hidden. File or folder isn't meant to be seen by people at large, being special or not useful for everyday work. Setting this attribute can hide items from view.
   
• System. Marks system files and folders like THUMBS.DB
   
• Archive. Legacy status flag advertising that file has changed since last backup and is ready for archiving
   
• Directory. Folder items have it, lets you identify folders using the attribute property
   
• Compressed. File is stored compressed taking less space but becoming slower to access
   
• Encrypted. Contents are encrypted so they are not visible by other users
   
• Offline. Marks slow files not immediately accessible e.g. cloud-only remote files
   
• Junction point. Set for reparse points like folder junctions and symlinks.
   
• Not Indexed. Set for files that should be excluded from search indexing (skip desktop search)
   
• SParse file. Too advanced to mention
   
• Temporary. Marks files that are short-lived, usually in %TEMP% folder.

File date manipulation

Except for fixing dates (set the same date for all selected items), you can swap various date properties, and shift a file modification date forward or backward. Use Actions > Change dates menu command (or the equivalent ribbon UI command found on Workbench tab, under Attributes button) to modify the selected items' dates.

Figure 29. Change file dates dialog

First choose which date to change (Modified or Created) using the leftmost dialog drop-down box, then choose the operation to apply. You either set the date equal to some other date property of the same file (e.g. set the modification date to the date a picture was taken or the video media creation date), or you can shift the existing date relatively by some amount forward or backward. Use negative numbers in Shift by box to set the date in the past.

It is also possible to set a date from the filename too, if the name contains the standard date format YYYYMMDD HHMMSS (e.g. some cameras set names like PIC_20181026_192237.JPG). For this operation select Name [S] from the property drop-down box. Naturally trying to set non-existent or invalid dates will generate an error message (e.g. text files don't have a Picture date property).

A possible application of Shift by operation is to adjust modification dates that were adversely affected by summer/winter time changes (DST) that may seem like fake file modifications to backup and comparison programs. Sliding dates up or down by one hour exactly will cancel the problem (prevalent mostly on FAT32 filesystems). You can shift dates by seconds or years, depending on the unit you select from the drop-down box.

Another way to remedy such phantom DST "modifications" is Actions > Sync-touch menu command, that will match filenames in the active folder pane with namesakes in the inactive pane, and will transfer date modified information from active to inactive panes. For this to work you should have the "original" and "backup" folders in the active and inactive pane respectively, and make sure that all differences are down to DST — or you may forgo real modifications in content! Here is a sync-touch demo video

Click on Touch dates button if you want to set all selected file dates to the same date and time — this actually uses the previous dialog for changing attributes.

Splitting and merging

Sometimes you may want to transfer large files between two PCs and find that a single file is way too big to fit on e.g. a floppy disk or even CD. The Split and Merge commands from Actions menu will come handy in such a situation.

Actions > Split menu expects a single big file selected (the command is disabled when you select more than one file). First you break down the large file in as many portions as necessary, declaring your preferred split size (in kB) in the dialog, The standards drop-down lists a few typical media you may choose to provide an automatic split size — e.g. portions that will fit in a single CDROM. Split pieces will give you an idea how many chunks you will get for the selected file, for each selected split size.

Then you choose the target folder that will receive the fragments and click ok button to start splitting. For example if you have a file called bigone.dat that is 10MB and you break it down in chunks of 1MB, you will end up with 10 files named bigone.dat.01, bigone.dat.02, ... bigone.dat.10.

Figure 30. The file split dialog

This will allow you to place the file segments on floppy disks and do the transfer to another computer. There you just need to make sure to place all fragments in a single folder, select them all after sorting by name (so that they'll be in order), and use Actions > Merge menu to put them back together; the file will be restored keeping its original modification date. You can now delete the split fragments!

File and folder comments (tags)

Comments are small pieces of text associated with files and folders, 100% controlled by the user and ignored by the filesystem. There are many possible uses for comments:

• Extended information for the contents of a document
• Keywords for document classification, aka tags
• Any other arbitrary information as cross-references etc

You can examine file comments adding the stock Comment [S] column in detailed view mode. Comments also appear in details pane for the focused item in the active pane. They even show in Details property page (File > Properties menu) along with other properties — but they aren't easy to browse there. Most important of all, xplorer² allows you to use comments as search rules, so you can easily check and retrieve files that have one or more keywords.

You set and modify comments for one or more selected files using Actions > Set comment menu command, which displays this dialog:

Figure 31. The comments management dialog

Comments can be as long as you like (up to 4096 characters to be exact), that's why you get a big box to type your comments. The dialog shows any prior comments if any exist; if multiple files with comments are selected, you see the comment of the first one selected.

When changing the comment of a single file Multi-file operation group is disabled because its modes aren't needed: you just see the entire comment and you get to change or delete it as necessary. When many files are involved you have 3 options:

• Replace any old comments with the new one you type (all files will end up having the same comment)
  If you leave the comment field empty, then all comments will be removed.
• Append one or more "tags" (really whatever you type is added to the comment of each file)
• Remove a tag from the existing comments

When you are happy with the comments and the operation, click ok button to set, modify or clear the comments of the selected files. When the operation is over you will see a message on the statusbar "Operated successfully on xxx items", which should be equal to the number of selected files — unless there was some problem.

Alternate data streams

File comments rely on an advanced NTFS feature called alternate data streams (ADS). One way to view ADS is like separate chapters within a file. What you usually regard as file is the main stream where your data is held, e.g. your text. With NTFS you can associate other streams with a file or folder. So FILE.TXT can carry a stream called OTHER and it will be addressed as FILE.TXT:OTHER using a ":" to separate the stream name. When you move the file around, all these alternate streams are silently carried along.

The standard stream for comments is called SummaryInformation, but unfortunately the property system makes a mess of it for most file types, so xplorer² uses its own stream called x2_AFSComment. This makes things consistent within xplorer² but obviously other programs like windows explorer will not be able to read such special comments. xplorer² has a couple of commands that deal with ADS, in Actions > ADS submenu. View streams command shows a summary of file streams as the pic to the right, including the first few bytes of each stream (including byte size information). Split streams command extracts any named streams from a file and saves them in separate file(s), for your perusal. To clear any ADS and leave only the main file content stream, you can copy a file to a flash drive and back, or compress it in a simple ZIP archive then extract it — all extra streams will be washed out!

Another use of ADS is the Zone.Identifier information your browser attaches to files you download from internet, which cause various "unsafe" warnings. If you trust the downloaded file, press <ALT+ENTER> to see its properties and tick Unblock box in general property page.

Bulk change of file properties

There's another way to change comments or any other text (or numeric) file property, in bulk for all selected files. Actions > File properties menu lets you change editable text file properties like Author, Title, even tags (keywords) and comments. The dialog is identical to that used for mass renaming, only you select the file property to change using the File attribute selector box near the top of the dialog. Using a GUI similar to mass renaming you can either set, clear or modify through search and replace the existing file properties. This command is mainly for text properties, but it can also be applied to numeric ones, like track number # — just make sure your templates translate to numbers, e.g. using automatic counters $01. The procedure was explained in detail so it won't be repeated here. Just select the property you want to change using the drop-down list, and choose the mode, set your property manipulation template, preview the changes, and off you go! Some dialog controls that are only valid for renaming like Preserve extensions will be disabled in this function.

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